APA Style Reference

Parenthetical citations within the text of your paper are very important to help your readers find the information that you have used and to guard against plagiarism. APA requires that you cite all quotes, paraphrases, and summaries.

• An in-text citation should always be placed in parentheses.
• If a specific page is being referenced, the citation should include the author's last name, the date of publication, and the specific page number being cited.
  
  Example: (Buss, 1981, p. 32)
• If you are citing an electronic source, use the paragraph number instead of a page number if available.
  
  Example: (Buss, 1981, para. 5)
• If a page number or a paragraph number are not available, direct your reader's attention to the material being referenced by a heading proceeding the material. Then count down from that heading to the paragraph containing your material.
  
  Example: (Myers, 2000, "Conclusion" section, para. 1)
• If an electronic document does not indicate the name of an author, refer to it by the first few words of the title.
  
  Example: ("Study Finds," 2001)

Usually, you want to use the quoted person's name before writing the quote. Then, in parentheses at the end of the quote, put a 'p.' for the page number followed by the page number.

Example: Bayam (1969) concludes that journalists "must speak in a voice that is both institutional and representational, hierarchical as well as relational" (p. 111).

There are two ways that you can do this. Either you can mention the author's name before the information is presented. Then put the date in parentheses like in this example: Rogers (1994) compared the reaction times... Or you can leave out the author's name and put it in the citation with the date like in this example: A recent study of reaction times found that... (Rogers, 1994).

Use both of their names. Example 1: Wellek and Warren (1992) found that... or Example 2: A recent study found that... (Wellek & Warren, 1992).

In any in-text citations with three or more authors, you include the first author only, followed by an 'et al.'

Example: Wasserstein et al. (1994) found...

Use the full name of the organization the first time it is mentioned. Then use the abbreviation any further times.

Example: (National Institute of Mental Heath [NIMH], 1991)
Example: (NIMH, 1991)

In a parenthetical citation, include an abbreviated version of the source's title in quotation marks, followed by the date and the page number. In an in-text citation, list the title of the source in the introductory phrase to the paraphrased or quoted material, followed by the date within the parentheses.

Example:... on free care ("Study Finds," 1982, p. 115).
Example: In the book College Bound Seniors (1979),...

List the authors and the dates in the parenthetical citation. To separate the authors, use a semicolon (;) after the date of each publication.

Example: ...several studies (Balda, 1980; Kamil, 1988; Pepperbert & Funk, 1990).

How will my readers be able to tell the difference?

Assign letters to each source to distinguish among them.

Example: (Johnson, 1991a)
(Johnson, 1991b)
(Johnson, 1991c)

Add the specific pages after the date in the parenthetical citation.

Example: (Cheek & Buss, 1991, p. 332)
Example: (Shimamura, 1989, chap. 3)

I am using an author who has cited another author or authors, but I have no idea how to cite the sources in the text of my paper.

Use the citation information of both the indirect source and the primary source.

Example: Seidenberg and McClelland's (1990) study (as cited in Coltheart et al., 1993)... You would also want to make sure that it is the primary source (Coltheart, etc.) that you cite in your reference list.

However, APA advises against these sorts of citations. Locate the original source (in this case, Seidenberg and McClelland) whenever possible before resorting to an indirect source citation. The reason for this is because you are relying on the indirect source author's interpretation of the original source when you use this approach.

If I am referring merely to a website but not using any specific pages, sections, or paragraphs, how should I cite it?

Provide the address to the website in the text. No additional information is placed in the reference list since you are not using any information from the website in your paper itself.

Example: (http://www.bellevue.edu).

A personal, unpublished interview is considered to be unrecoverable data (meaning no one else can retrieve it), so usually no reference is placed in your references list. You can, however, place it in your paper using a parenthetical citation.

Example: (J. Smith, personal communication, August 15, 2001).
Example: ..., as Jeff Smith told me (personal communication, August 15, 2001).

• People who have authored books are treated differently than corporations that have authored publications. For authors, names are listed by last name first; then initials of first and middle are listed second. Corporations or organizations are listed as is.
  
  Example: Smith, J. (2003). Strange fruit. Holiday Press.
  Example: American Psychological Association. (2006). Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association.
• If there is more than one author, separate the names with a comma and use an ampersand (&) before the last author's name. Example: Smith, J., Smith, H., & Smith, B.
• If the authors of the book are editors, use (Ed.) following the name of one editor and (Eds.) following the names of more than one editor.
• Capitalize the first word in titles and subtitles and any other proper nouns. Any other words in the title are left lowercase.

Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of book. Publisher.

Example:
Chitty, D. (1996). Do lemmings commit suicide? Beautiful hypotheses and ugly facts. Oxford Univeristy Press.

Author's names. (Year). Title of book. Publisher.

Example:
Rosellini, G., & Worden, M. (1997). Of course you're angry: A guide to
     dealing with the emotions of substance abuse (Rev. ed.). Hazelden.

Corporate Author. (Year). Title of book. Publisher.

Example:
Children's Express. (1993). Voices from the future: Our children tell us about
     violence in America. Crown.

Title of book. (Year). Publisher.

Example:
The Koran. (1974). Crescent Books.

Editor's name/s. (Ed. or Eds.). (Year). Title of book. Publisher.

Example:
Moen, P., Elder, G., & Luscher, K. (Eds.) (1995). Examining lives in context:
     Perspectives on the ecology of human development. American Psychological Association.

Author of the section being cited. (Year). Name of the section being cited. In author of the actual book [initials first, then last name], Title of the book (pp. page numbers). Publisher.

Example:
Jeffery, I. (1988). Introduction. In B. Savelev, Secret city: Photographs from the
     USSR (pp. 8-12). Thames and Hudson.

Author's name. (Year). Title of book. (Number of edition). Publisher.

Example 1:
Hoff, R. (1992). I can see you naked: A new revised edition of the national
     bestseller on making fearless presentations (New rev. ed.). Andrews and McMeel.

Example 2:
Pasachoof, J. (1992). Field guide to the stars and planets (3rd ed.). Houghton Mifflin.

Note: Remember, with first editions, you never have to make any special notes about it. The only time you use an edition citation is when it is not an original first edition.

Author's name. (Year). Title of selection. In Editor's name (Ed.), Title of anthology (Vol. [volume number if appropriate], pp. [page numbers of selection]). Publisher.

Example:
Updike, J. (1996). A & P. In Meyer (Ed.), The Bedford introduction to
     literature: Reading, thinking, and writing (pp. 487-491). St. Martin's Press.

Author's name. (Year). Entry heading of title. In Title of anthology (Vol. [volume number if appropriate], pp. [page numbers of selection]). Publisher.

Example 1 (signed by an author):
Tavris, C. (1989). Queen bee syndrome. In Women's studies encyclopedia
     (Vol. 1, p. 307). Greenwood Press.

Example 2 (not signed by an author):
Eschatology. (1983). In Webster's new world dictionary of the American
     language (2nd ed.). Simon and Schuster.

Author's name. (Year). Title of multivolume work (Volume number/s). Publisher.

Example 1:
Schlager, N. (Ed.). (1994-1999). How products are made: An illustrated
     guide to product manufacturing (Vols. 1-4). Gale Research.

Example 2:
Mills, L. (1996). Architecture of the Old South (Vols. 1-2). Beehive Foundation.

Author's name. (Year). Name of chapter. In editor-of-the-series name (Series Ed.) & editor-of-the-volumes name (Vol. Ed.), Title of the series: Title of the volume (edition number, page numbers). Publisher.

Example:
Maccoby, E. E., & Martin, J. (1983). Socialization in the context of the family:
      Parent-child interaction. In P.H. Mussen (Series Ed.) & E.M. Hetherington (Vol. Ed.),
      Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 4. Socialization, personality, and social
     development (4th ed., pp. 1-101). Wiley.

Author's name. (Year). Title of book (Name of translator, Trans.). Publisher. (Original work published date)

Example:
Freud, S. (1970). An outline of psychoanalysis (J. Strachey, Trans.). Norton. (Original work
     published 1940)

Note: The name of the translator is written first initials, then last name.

• Names are listed last name, then initials, if a name is given.
• If more than one author has written the text, you should separate the name from another name with a comma and use an ampersand (&) before the last name of the last author.
• Titles. For articles, capitalize any proper nouns and the first word in titles and subtitles.
  For journals, italicize the title, and capitalize all words except articles and prepositions.
  For newspapers and magazines, italicize the title, and capitalize all words except articles and prepositions.
• Dates. For daily newspapers, newsletters, and magazines, use (Year, Month Date).
  For journals, use (Year).
• Volume Numbers. Along with the journal title, italicize the volume number.
  Example: Modernism/Modernity, 24(2)
• Issue Numbers. Include the issue number in a journal reference if it is paginated by issue. Note: The issue number, unlike the volume number, is not italicized.
  Example: New Hibernia Review, 5(1)
• Pages. The abbreviation p. (or pp.) is only used when you are referencing a newspaper article. These abbreviations are not used when referencing magazines or journal articles.
• Titles of Articles. When documenting the article title of a periodical (not the journal, magazine, or newspaper title), use APA's rules for capitalization, but do not italicize, underline, or use quotation marks in the title. A helpful reminder of APA's rules for article titles: capitalize proper nouns, the first word, and the first word after a colon in your references page. Contrast this with standard capitalization: all words are capitalized except articles and prepositions.

"Continuous pagination" is where the entire volume of a journal never starts over with page 1 on a new issue. So, let's say in Volume 1, Issue 1, the journal starts on page 1 and ends on page 200. In the next issue, Issue 2, it would start on page 201 - 400. Then continue on like that for the rest of the issues in that volume. "Issue number pagination" is where every new issue always starts over with page number 1. So, Issue 1 starts on page 1, Issue 2 starts on page 1, etc.

Author's name. (Year). Title of article. Title of journal/magazine, volume number, page numbers.

Example 1:
Watson, J.D., & Crick, F.H. (1953). A structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid.
     Nature, 171, 737-738.

Author's name. (Year). Title of article. Title of journal/magazine, volume number (or issue number - only if issue starts with page 1 rather than continuously paginated through all issues), page numbers.

Example 1:
Jones, H.M. (1997). The attractions of stupidity. The St. Croix Review, 30(2), 6-10.

Example 2:
Gerry, R. (1997, April-June). Tempo training for freestyle. Swimming Technique, 34(1), 40-42.

Note: Remember, the "April-June" follows this examples "year" because it is a magazine article, and when doing magazines, you include (Year, Month Day), method.

Note: Because pagination begins anew with each new issue, it is necessary to include the issue number in parentheses after the volume number.

Author's name. (Year, Month). Title of article. Title of Periodical, pages numbers.

Example: Chandler-Crisp, S. (1988, May). Aerobic writing: A writing practice model.
     Writing Lab Newsletter, pp. 9-11.

Author's name. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Title of Periodical, pages numbers.

Example:
Kauffmann, S. (1993, September 16). Urbana firm obstacle to office project.
     The Champaign-Urbana News-Gazette, pp.A1, A8.

Author's name. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Title of Newspaper, pages.

Example:
Munsey, C., & Shuey, P.J. (1997, May 8). Bomb threats to become felony.
     The Capital, p. A1.

Author's name. (Year, Month Day). Title of article [Editiorial]. Title of Newspaper, pages.

Example 1:
Krauthammer, C. (2002, April 25). Why feed a mortal enemy? [Editorial]. The
     Washington Post, p.A27.

Example 2:
O'Neill, G.W. (1992, January). In support of DSM-III [Letter to the editor].
     APA Monitor, 4-5.

Title of article. (Year, Month Day). Title of Newspaper, pages.

Example:
Student health insurance policy. (2003, May 23). Anne Arundel College Campus Crier, p. 1.

Author's name. (Year). Title of article. In Author's name, Title of source. (Reprinted from Title of
Source, Volume number, Year, pages.)

Example:
Clark, G., & Zimmerman, E. (1988). Professional roles and activities as models for
     art education. In S. Dobbs (Ed.), Research readings for discipline-based art
     education. NAEA. (Reprinted from Studies in Art Education, 19, (1986), 34-39.)

Parenthetical citation: (Clark & Zimmerman, 1986/1988)

• To the extent possible, information is provided just like it would be for a printed source.
• Information identifying the electronic source is placed at the end. (the doi link or http address if there is no doi link)
• Date of retrieval is included. (date that you found the source yourself.)
• Periods are omitted at the end of an internet address, if that is the last element in the citation.
• APA suggests that writers citing web items refer to a specific web documents rather than a home page or a menu.
• Strive to make sure that your web addresses are correct and that they work. Make sure you double check them.
• If an internet document is undated, insert (n.d.) after the document's title.
• Email messages may be cited in the text of a paper, but APA warns against listing them in the reference section because such messages are unrecoverable.

Below are some guidelines for referencing website pages:
Lastname, F. M. (Year, Month Date). Title of page. Site Name. URL

If an organization or group authored the page, use the full organization or group name in place of the author:
Group name. (Year, Month Date). Title of page. Site Name. URL

If there is no author or group author listed, cite by the title of the page:
Title of page. (Year, Month Date). Site name. Retrieved Month Date, Year, from URL

If the date of publication is not listed, use the abbreviation (n.d.).
Author or Group name. (n.d.). Title of page. Site Name (if applicable). URL

Lastname, F. M. (Year.) Title of book. Publisher. URL

Example:
Humm, M. (1997). Feminism and film. Edinburgh University Press. http://www.netlibrary.com

If it's an audiobook, do the following:
Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of book (N. Narrator, Narr.) [Audiobook]. Publisher. URL (if applicable)

(Cite as you would a printed source, followed by) Retrieved date of access (month, day, year) from (URL address)

Example 1:
Adams, R.G. (1937). Librarians as enemies of books. In D. Seasman (Ed.),
     The electronic text center. Charlottesville, University of Virginia. http://extex.lib/virginia.edu/
     modeng/modengA.html.

Example 2:
Freud, S. (1911). The interpretation of dreams (3rd ed.). (A.A. Brill, Trans.).
http://psychwww.com/books/interp/toc.htm

Example 3:
Cher (Cherilyn LaPiere Sarkisian). (2001). Cher. Biography.com.
http://search.biography.com/print_record.pl?id=23190

Identical, but electronic version:
Killingbeck, D. (2001). The role of television news in the construction of
     school violence as "moral panic" [Electronic version]. Journal of Criminal
     Justice and Popular Culture, 8, 186-202.

Similar, but not identical: Killingbeck, D. (2001). The role of television news in the construction of
     school violence as "moral panic." Journal of Criminal Justice and
     Popular Culture, 8, 186-202. Retrieved October 30, 2001,
     from http://www.albany.edu/scj/jcjpc/vol8is3/killingbeck.html

Lastname, F. M. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Title of Newspaper. Retrieved date, from
web address.

Example:
Greenhouse, S., & Lipton, E. (2001, October 30). Possible anthrax case shuts
     New York hospital. New York Times. Retrieved October 31, 2001, from
     http://www.nytimes.com

Lastname, F.M. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Title of Internet Magazine. Retrieved date, from web address.

Example:
Saletan, W. (2001, October 17). The powers of negative thinking. Slate.
     Retrieved October 20, 2001, from
     http://slate.msn.com/framegame/entries/01-10-17_117527.asp

Author's name. (Year). Title of article. Title of journal, Volume, Pages. Retrieval date, from web address

Example:
Kawasaki, J.L., & Raven, M.R. (1995). Computer-administered surveys in
     extension. Journal of Extension, 33, 252-255. Retrieved June 2, 1999,
     from http://joe.org/joe/index.html

Lastname, F. M. (Year, Month). Title of article. Title of newsletter, Volume(issue number). Retrieval date, from web address

Example:
Wauftom, K.K. (1999, April). Dealing with anthrax. Telehealth News, 3(2).
     Retrieved December 16, 2000, from
     http://www.telehealth.net/subscribe/newsletter_5b.html#1

Individual with proprietary rights' name. (Year). Name of program (Version Number) [Computer software]. Publisher. (any other identifying material)

Example:
Arend, D. N. (1993). Choices (Version 4.0) [Computer software]. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Research Laboratory. (CERL Report No. CH7-22510)

Same as the entry above, except in brackets put "manual" instead of computer software.

Institution's name. (Year, Month). Title of report. Retrieval date, from address of website

Example:
University of California, San Francisco, Institute of Health and Aging. (1996,
     November). Chronic care in America: A 21st century challenge. Retrieved
     September 9, 2000, from http://www.rwjf.org/library/chrcare

Name of Organization. (Year). Title of document. Retrieval date, from web address

Example:
Greater Hattiesburg Civic Awareness Group, Task Force on Sheltered
     Programs. (n.d.). Fund-raising efforts. Retrieved November 10, 2001,
     from http://www.hattiesburgcag.org

Author's name. (Year). Title of document. University Name and Department. Retrieval date, from web address

Example:
McNeese, M.N. (2001). Using technology in educational settings. University of Southern
Mississippi, Educational Leadership and Research. Retrieved
     October 13, 2001, from http://www-dept.usm.edu/eda/

Usually, personal communications, which are not archived, should not be included in reference lists and cited just within the text: (F. Smith, personal communication, January 21, 1999).

If the communication is archived, it would be cited as:
     Lastname, F. M. (Year, Month Day). Title of message. Message posted to
     name of mailing list, archived at web address

Example:
Hammond, Tl (2000, November 20). YAHC: Handle Parameters, DOI Genres,
     etc. Message posted to Ref-Links electronic mailing list, archived at
     http://www.doi.org/mail-archive/ref-link/msg00088.html

If you must, for some reason, cite the personal communications, here are same examples to go by:

• A personal email, if you still have access to it:
  Lastname, F. M. (Year, Month Day). Subject of message [emailto receiver's name], [Online]. Available: email.
  
  Example:
  Corio, R. (1994, June 1). APA Guide deadline [emailto Margaret E.
       Sokolik], [Online]. Available: email
• Message posted to online forum or discussion group:
  Author or screen name. (Year, Month Day). Subject line of message [Any identifier]. Message posted to (address)
  
  Example:
  Jones, D.O. (2002, March 3). Geneology help [Msg 232]. Message posted to
       http://groups.yahoo.com/group/geneology/message/232
• Message posted to an electronic mailing list:
  Author or screen name. (Year, Month Day). Subject line of message [Any identifier]. Message posted to (address)
  
  Example:
  Clarke, F. (2002, April 13). Hyponsis [Msg 334] Message posted to
       STUMPERS electronic mailing list, archived at
       http://www.umich.orgmail-archive/stumper-l/msg000334.htm
• Message posted to a newsgroup:
  Author or screen name. (Year, Month Day). Subject line of message [Any identifier]. Message posted to (address)
  
  Example:
  Aquawoman. (2002, April3). Problems accessing information [Msg 21].
       Message posted to news://sci.psychology.hynosis

Author's name (if any). (Date of electronic publication or update). Title of document (if there is no title, provide a [Description of content, in brackets]). Retrieved date of access (month, day, year), from web address

Example 1:
Tanner Computer Services. (1999, July 7). The world famous hot dog page.
     Retrieved January 7, 2002, from http://www.xroads.com/~tcs/hotdog.html

Example 2:
Kuo, H. (2001, October 14). [Home page]. Retrieved January 14, 2002, from
     http://www.tc.umn.edu/nlhome/g012/kuox0019/

They are cited exactly like a normal printed source followed by the retrieval date and then 'from' the name of the database. (instead of a web address)

Example:
Dzau, V. J., & Creager, M.A. (1999). Chapter 247: Diseases of the aorta.
     Harrison's principles of internal medicine. Retrieved January 7, 2000,
     from Harrison's Online database.

Lastname, F. M. (Date). Title of article [CD-ROM]. Title of Journal, Volume, page numbers. Abstract from: Source and retrieval number.

Sponsoring agency. (Date). Title. (Publication data). Name of Organization. Retrieved [date], from [URL]

Example:
U.S. General Accounting Office. (1997, February). Telemedicine: Federal
     strategy is needed to guide investments. (Publication No.
     GAO/NSAID/HEHS-97-67). Retrieved September 15, 2000, from General
     Accounting Office Reports Online. Retrieved September 15, 2000, from
     http://www.access.gpo.gov/su_docs/aces/aces160.shtml?/goa/index.html

Author or sponsoring organization. (Date). Document title or name of web page, page number(s). Retrieved [Date], from [URL]

Example:
Harris Interactive Inc. (2002). Web@work survey 2002: Cyber-addiction in
     the workplace, p. 3. Retrieved March 3, 2003, from
     http://www.websense.com/company/news/research/webatwork2002.pdf

Author's name. (Year). Title of dissertation. Dissertation Abstracts International, volume number(issue number), page number series letter (A or B). (UMI Number) Retrieved date, from Digital Dissertations database.

Example:
Jitpraphai, S. (2001). Financial variables and merger premiums: Evidence
     from bank mergers. Dissertation Abstracts International, 62(9), 3134A.
     (UMI No. AAT 3025476) Retrieved June 22, 2002, from Digital
     Dissertations database.

Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of dissertation/thesis [Unpublished doctoral dissertation/master's thesis]. Name of Institution Awarding the Degree.

Example:
Bernardi, R.A. (1990). Accounting pronouncements, firm size, and firm
     industry: Their effect on Altman's bankruptcy prediction model
     [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Nova University.

Author's name. (Year). Title of dissertation. [Unpublished doctoral practicum]. Institution, location. (ERIC Document No.) Retrieved, from database name.

Example:
Sanford, C.A. (1997). Working from within the classroom: Improving the
     delivery of speech-language services to kindergarten at-risk students.
     [Unpublished doctoral practicum]. Nova Southeastern University. (ERIC Document
     Reproduction Service No. ED420967) Retrieved December 21, 2001, from ERIC E-
     Subscribe database.

Author's name. (n.d.). Title of dissertation [Unpublished doctoral name of document type]. Name of institution. Retrieved date, from URL

Example:
Matlak, K.L. (n.d.). Outcomes evaluation of the Technology Property
     Initiative at Collin County Community College [Unpublished doctoral
     applied dissertation]. Nova Southeastern University
     Retrieved May 11, 2002, from
     http://www.nova.edu/phe/phe_resources/_online_documents.htm

Author's name. (Year). Title of project [Unpublished master's type of document]. Name of institution. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. Ed number) Retrieved date, from name of database followed by the word "database".

Example:
Brown, M. (2001). Increasing participation of female students in physical
     science class [Unpublished master's action research project]. St. Xavier
     University (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No.
     ED455121) Retrieved December 24, 2001, from ERIC E-Subscribe
     database.

• ERIC (Educational Resources Information Center) documents with ED accession numbers are usually, but not always, unpublished resources. If they are unpublished, you include the ED number in the citation.
• Give the ERIC number in parentheses at the end of the entry unless the document was obtained full text online. In that case, the retrieval statement is last.
• In cases of publications of limited circulation, the name and address of the publisher should be included in parentheses after the title and before the ERIC ED number.
• Only documents such as ERIC digests that are actually obtained full text from the ERIC database should include a retrieval statement with ERIC as the source.
• If journal articles or ERIC ED documents are indexed in ERIC, but are retrieved in another database, the retrieval statement needs to cite the database where the full text document was retrieved.

Note: Cite as you would a printed conference paper that was not published and that was indexed in ERIC.

Example:
Parks, W., & Odom, S.L. (2000, June-July). Reflections on community-based
     inclusive preschools [Paper presented at the Head Start National Research
     Conference, Washington, DC]. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service
     No. ED450938)

Note: Cite as you would a printed conference paper that was not published, followed by: Retrieved date, from name of database and ending with the word "database".

Example:
Clay, D. (1998, April). WWW.2CHEAT.COM [Paper contributed to the
     Teaching in the Community Colleges Online Conference (3rd), Honolulu,
     HI]. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED450824) Retrieved
     December 23, 2001, from http://leahi.kcc.hawaii.edu.tcom98/rooks.html

Author's name. (Year). If no author, title of the document first [Medium info if appropriate]. (Name and mailing address where can obtain publication. A web address may also be used in place of, or in addition to, address.) (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED number)

Example 1:
Enhancing education through technology: New tools to close the achievement
     gap. Satellite town meeting #79: May 15, 2001 [Videotape]. (2001).
     (Available from ED Pubs, P.O. Box 1398, Jessup, MD, 20794-1398)
     (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED435672)

Example 2:
Education Development Center. (2001). Districts on the move: Unified
     student service in Boston public school: Building a continuum of service
     through standards-based reform. (National Institute from Urban School
     Improvement, Education Development Center, Inc., 55 Chapel Street,
     Newton, MA, 02458.) (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No.
     ED455329)

Author's name. (Year). Title of CD-ROM [Medium]. (Availability information) (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED number)

Example:
Pacific Resources for Education and Learning. (2001). Art of the Pacific
     Islands [CD-ROM]. (Available from Pacific Resources for Education and
     Learning, 1099 Alakea Street, 25th floor, Honolulu, HI 96813-4513)
     (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED422222)

Author's name. (Year). Title of report (Report number). Publisher or agency of publication. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED number) Include retrieval statement if full text of document was retrieved online.

Example:
Hoffman, L.M. (2001). Key statistics on public elementary and secondary
     schools and agencies: School year 1997-98. Survey report (NCES-2001-
     304R). National Center for Educational Statistics.
     (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED452279) Retrieved
     December 23, 2001, from ERIC E-Subscribe database.

Name of clearinghouse. (Year). Title of document [Data file]. Organization name. URL

Example:
ERIC Clearinghouse for Assessment and Evaluation. (2002). Data
     coordination/standard work groups status reports [Data File]. National Center for Research. http://cresst96.cse.ucla.edu/

Lastname, F. M., & Lastname, F. M. (Eds.). (Year). Title of proceedings. Publisher. URL (if applicable)

Example:
Gibson, C.C. (1995). Impact of the larger social context on the distance
     learner. International Council for Distance Education: One world many
     voices: Quality in open and distance learning (pp. 279-282). Milton Keynes.

Format like a journal article retrieved at online website

Example:
Campbell, C. (1998, August). Quality assessment in distance education.
     Annual Conference on Distance Teaching and Learning, 507-510.
     Retrieved March 22, 2002, from
     http://www.CDTL.org/index/disted/12333.htm

Author. (Year, month). Title of paper [Paper presentation]. Name of conference, city, state, country.

Example:
Matins, J. R. (1999, April). Working with the terminally ill: An integrated
     theoretical model. Paper presented at the American Counseling
     Association World Conference, San Diego, CA, United States.

Parks, W., & Odom, S.L. (2000, June-July). Reflections on community-based
     inclusive preschools [Paper presentation]. Head Start National Research
     Conference, Washington, DC, United States. (ERIC Document Reproduction
     Service No. ED450938) Retrieved date, from name of database.

Author. (Year). Title of conference paper [Paper presentation]. Name of the conference. Retrieved date of access, from URL [There is no geographic location, page numbers, or month]

Example:
Steinbrecker, D. (2002). The care and feeding of an online instructional site
     [Paper presentation]. Distance Education Virtual Conference. Retrieved
     July 14, 2002, from http://www.umuc.au/conference/disted/care.html

Title of hearing, xxx Cong. (Year). URL

Example (from the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association 7th Edition):
Strengthening the federal student loan program for borrowers: Hearing before the U.S. Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor & Pensions, 113th Cong. (2014).
https://www.help.senate.gov/hearings/strengthening-the-federal-student-loan-program-for-borrowers

Title of testimony, xxx Cong. (Year) (testimony of Testifier Name). URL

Federal statute, Americans With Disabilities Act of 1990
Americans With Disabilities Act of 1990, 42 U.S.C. § 12101 et seq. (1990).
     https://www.ada.gov/pubs/adastatute08.htm

Federal statute, Civil Rights Act of 1964
Civil Rights Act of 1964, Pub. L. No. 88-352, 78 Stat. 241 (1964).
     https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-78/pdf/STATUTE-78-Pg241.pdf

Federal statute, Every Student Succeeds Act
Every Student Succeeds Act, 20 U.S.C. § 6301 (2015).
     https://www.congress.gov/114/plaws/publ95/PLAW-114pub95.pdf

Federal statute, Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009
Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009, Pub. L. No. 111-2, 123 Stat. 5 (2009).
     https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-111publ2/pdf/PLAW111publ2.pdf

Federal statute, Title IX (Patsy Mink Equal Opportunity in Education Act) Patsy Mink Equal Opportunity in Education Act, 20 U.S.C. § 1681 et seq. (1972).
     https://www.justice.gov/crt/title-ix-education-amendments-1972

State statute in state code
Florida Mental Health Act, Fla. Stat. § 394 (1971 & rev. 2009).      https://www.leg.state.fl.us/statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Statute&URL=0300-0399/0394.html

U.S. Supreme Court case, with a page number
Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954).
     https://www.oyez.org/cases/1940-1955/347us483

U.S. Supreme Court case, without a page number
Obergefell v. Hodges, 576 U.S. ___ (2015).
     https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/14pdf/14-556_3204.pdf

U.S. circuit court case
Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 951 F.2d 1128 (9th Cir. 1991).
     https://openjurist.org/951/f2d/1128/william-daubert-v-merrell-dow-pharmaceuticals

U.S. district court case
Burriola v. Greater Toledo YMCA, 133 F. Supp. 2d 1034 (N.D. Ohio 2001).
     https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/FSupp2/133/1034/2293141

U.S. district court case with appeal
Durflinger v. Artiles, 563 F. Supp. 322 (D. Kan. 1981), aff'd, 727 F.2d 888 (10th Cir. 1984).
     https://openjurist.org/727/f2d/888/durflinger-v-artiles

State supreme court case
Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California, 17 Cal.3d 425, 131 Cal. Rptr. 14, 551 P.2d 334 (1976).
     https://www.casebriefs.com/blog/law/torts/torts-keyed-to-dobbs/the-dity-to-protect-from-third-persons/tarasoff-v-regents-of-university-of-california

State appellate court case
Texas v. Morales, 826 S.W.2d 201 (Tex. Ct. App. 1992).
     https://www.leagle.com/decision/19921027826sw2d10111010

How do I cite the DSM-5 TR in the APA format? - Gladhill Learning Commons FAQ (frederick.edu)
https://answers.frederick.edu/citations/faq/333620

Classroom or intranet sources